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Electric power is the heart of an electrical network. As per the law of conservation of energy, we can change one form of energy into another, for example, hydel, thermal, and solar energy can be changed into electrical energy. Power from a power generating plant is distributed to residential, commercial and industrial areas using transmission lines and substations what is the basics of electrical products, electrical generation, transmission and distribution of Water reservoir (Hydel energy) power for residential, commercial and industrial application.People use electricity to do many jobs every day – from lighting, heating and cooling homes to powering electrical appliances. Therefore, it is important to understand the concept of electricity for installation and troubleshooting of electrical appliances
There are several other sources Nuclear Gas used to produce power. For example, coal, oil Diesel and uranium fuels are used to convert water into steam to drive a turbine Power stations are an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. These power stations are far from residential areas. A power station contains one or more electric generators.A generator converts mechanical power into electrical power. Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas to generate electricity.These days, there is rising use of cleaner renewable fuel sources, such as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric. For example, a hydroelectric power station is used for the generation of electric power. Hydroelectric power plants convert hydel energy to mechanical energy.Electric power can be generated in various types of power plants, that is, thermal, hydel or nuclear. The different power plants use different raw material or resource material to generate electric power. Michael Faraday discovered the fundamental principles of electricity generation in the 1820s and early 1830s. In the power station Mechanical force is applied on a shaft or axle to rotate the turbine. This mechanical force, which could be falling water , steam, or wind is used to rotate the shaft or axle on which the armature or rotor is formed.
Generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. This generated energy is transmitted to consumers via transmission lines. The most efficient way to transmit energy is by increasing the voltage and reducing the current. This task is performed by the transformer. It is necessary to minimise energy loss in the form of heat in transmission lines. These losses are equal to the product of square of the current and resistance of the power lines and are represented as I2R. Once the electrical energy reaches the end user, it steps down to the voltage level required by the user.
A transformer, a static unit which works on the principle of mutual induction It is used to step up the voltage at the generating end and step down the voltage at the user end. A transformer transfers energy from a primary coil to a secondary coil by mutual induction. The AC generator provides electrical power to the primary coil. The magnetic field produced by the primary coil induces voltage into the secondary coil, which supplies power to the connected load. The load in this case would be the entire electrical distribution network including all residential, Transformer in the electrical substation commercial and industrial consumers.A step-up transformer is used to increase and a step- down is used to decrease the voltage from one level to another
A generator produces three voltages in a three-phase system. Each voltage phase rises and falls at the same frequency (50 Hz in India). Three phase transformer used to supply power to three or more phase connections. Tranformers that can supply voltage to three or more phases are known as poly phase transformers. These transformers can be used to generate or supply power on a large scale such as for industrial or commercial use. Compared to single phase transformer, a three phase transformer has many advantages. It provides a more economical approach by using less material . The three phases carry equal current and voltage. Three phase transformers require a total of six coils.
Power generated in a power plant is stepped up to high voltage. Using transmission lines, this high voltage is then transmitted to the local electrical substation, where it is stepped down to a lower voltage for distribution. It is stepped down to 240 volts using a step down transformer. Only single-phase power is used in a typical residential application. In residential application, the most common supply system is used. It is a single-phase and three-wire supply system. In this system, there is 220 volt between live wires and neutral, and 440 volts between two live wires. The 220 volt supply is used for general purpose home appliances and lighting. The 440 volt supply is used for heating, cooling, cooking, and other high-demand loads
An energy meter is used to measure the amount of energy consumed by an electrical apppliance in a house. a familiar term for it is watt-hour meter located outside our houses. The watt-hour meter is used by the state electricity board for billing purposes, to determine how much electricity has been consumed. The main control panel is an enclosure in which the energy meter, circuit breaker and busbar are built to form a panel. this panel controls the electrical distribution in a residence
Modular meter centres are used for multi-family such as duplexes or apartment buildings. These are used in combination with load centres. They are available with two to six meter compartments these systems are another option for multi-family. These are self-contained systems with two to six meter compartments. Individual branch circuit breakers for tenants are located in a separate compartment adjacent to the meter socket
Distribution of Power in a Household Power distributed by the electricity board, enters the house through a metering device and connects to a load centre. The incoming power then goes to a load centre which provides circuit control and overcurrent protection. Then the power is distributed from the load centre to various branch circuits for lighting, appliances
Circuit breakers provide manual means of energising and de-energising a circuit. In addition, circuit breakers provide automatic overcurrent protection of a circuit. Residential circuit breakers are available with current ratings from 15-125 amps and a voltage rating of 220/440 volts. In residential applications, single-pole breakers protect 220 volt circuits; two-pole breakers protect 440 volt circuits.
Panel boards are the power control unit in industry. Load centres used for residential application are typically rated at 225 amps or less and 240 volts maximum. A load centre consists of an enclosure interior, and trim. Circuit breakers are mounted in the interior to provide circuit protection and control for light, heat, and power circuits.
Surge is a sudden fluctuation in the power supply. To protect the load from these sudden fluctuations, a surge arrester is used. It is a type of circuit breaker used in the load centre. A surge arrester mounts in a load centre in the same way as a conventional circuit breaker.
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) - The word ‘miniature’ means ‘very small’, and ‘circuit breaker’ means a protection device designed to open and close a circuit. Therefore, we can define it as a small device, which is used for circuit protection. It is another type of circuit breaker. It automatically turns off electric circuit in case of overcurrent or any fault in the electrical supply
A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is a device used in electrical wiring. It is used to disconnect a circuit when current imbalance is detected. Such an imbalance is sometimes using GFCI protection caused by current passing through a person, if that person is in contact with a ground and an energised part of the circuit. This could result in electric shock. GFCI is designed to protect a person against Reset electric shock. A normal circuit breaker is designed Test to protect against overload, but, GFCI protects from short circuits and ground faults. GFCI is required in certain residential electric sockets, such as the bathroom, kitchen sink. GFCI will turn the circuit off when there is a current leak. GFCI monitors the current going to the load and compares it to the current coming from the load. If there is any difference between the two, GFCI will interrupt or turn the circuit off
GFCI devices are designed to protect a person from getting a shock when touching an ungrounded appliance. Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters(AFCI), in comparison, protect against fire from an unintended arc
Busway is the path or route through which power will be transferred from one section to another. Busway is the medium through which electrical signals can travel from one machine to another. There are two methods to route power into a building or distribute power throughout a building, through a conduit or a busway.
The modern electrical power system is complexly spread over a large geographical area. A busbar is essential in the electrical power system. A busbar is a conductor that serves as a common connection for two or more circuits. It is represented by a straight line with a number of connections attached to it. Standard busbars in a busway are made of aluminium or copper
There are two types of Busway— feeder busway, and plug-in busway. Feeder Busway Feeder busways are used to distribute power to loads that are either fixed in place or are concentrated in one physical area. These loads may be a large machine, motor control centre, panel board, or switchboard. In industries there are a number of loads that require a continuous supply from the source for a very long time. In these cases feeder busways are used. Plug-in Busway By using plug-in busway units, load connections can be added or relocated easily
The distribution system in a building consists of a combination of busway and conduit. Busway is a pre- fabricated electrical distri-bution. Busway consists of uncovered copper conductors supported on insulators. This system consists of busbars in a protective enclosure. Busbars are the electrical conductors that carry power. The bars are individually insulated and enclosed in houses. A busway is used in various industrial applications, and residential installations of the power distribution system. A busway used in an industrial location can supply power to heavy equipment, lighting, and air conditioning
we use a variety of electrical or electronic gadgets and equipment. To run these gadgets and equipment, we need a proper and safe distribution of electrical power. Busway can be a way to transfer this electrical power. Busway is in pre-fabricated form, it can be easily connected to other busways. A vertical busway can be used for distribution of electrical power in a multistorey building. These are the major advantages of using a busway in the distribution system
The Load Entrance or service entrance is the point from where electric power enters a residential area. The service entrance in a residence is commonly thought of as a breaker or fuse box. In large commercial or industrial area electrical systems, the service entrance may be a main disconnect panel and thereby called the main panel.For industrial or commercial purpose, outdoor feeder busway is used. This involves routing the electrical power inside the premises of a commercial building or industry. This can be done using a transformer outside the premises of the industry or commercial building. For distribution of electrical power inside the building or campus, indoor feeder or plug-in busways are commonly used
Switchgear includes switches, which can be disconnected, Switchgear in the substation fuses or circuit breakers. An electrical network includes generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. While dealing with electrical circuit, equipment and load, it is important to monitor the control over the operation of the electrical system and its safety. In an electrical system, the unit which operates the routing of power cables, controls the equipment and safety of individuals, is known as a switchgear. The basic function of a switchgear is to protect from faulty current, overload, surge and short circuit. Switchgears are responsible for the safety, reliability, and flexibility of an electrical system. For example, in a house, the domestic electric panel boards at the entrance of the service line act as switchgear, which has a fuse or miniature circuit breaker
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